Issue No. 180 | 5 September 2025 | Rachel Guyet

A Just Energy Transition: Not Only For the People, but With the People

Social justice should not be an afterthought in the transition, it must be the foundation that makes it socially and politically acceptable. The paper makes the hypothesis that a successful, just transition requires moving from a vision where security, competitiveness and social justice are opposed. Alternative models to the dominant energy system exist to stimulate the participation of the people in the energy transition. Four of them are deleved into in this paper.

Issue No. 179 | 17 July 2025 | Susann Heinecke-Kuhn

The End of Swing Politics: Belarus in the Russian Trap

In recent years, Belarus has mainly attracted attention as Russia's military accomplice in the Ukraine war and as a provocateur of European asylum and migration policy. Added to this is the disastrous human rights situation in the country, ruled with an iron fist by long-term president Alexander Lukashenko. However, the release of a significant number of political prisoners over the past year or so raises the question whether there is a chance for a political opening of the country towards Europe. The paper describes the how Belarus has maneuvered itself into a position of total dependence on Russia in recent years, particularly since 2020. While having to wait for better conditions for a new Belarusian-European rapprochement in the future, the EU should neither abandon the country nor hide behind a debate on values but rather keep a close eye on the situation and be available in case a window of opportunity opens.

Issue No. 178 | 16 June 2025 | Tamar Gamkrelidze

Reimagining the Eastern Partnership: Enlargement, Security and Strategic Engagement

Sixteen years after its launch, the Eastern Partnership (EaP) is experiencing growing fragmentation, as member countries follow increasingly divergent domestic/foreign policy paths. This divergence raises questions about the EaP’s continued relevance, particularly in its current format, as it approaches the expiration date in 2027. To remain effective, the EU must reimagine the EaP by strengthening its focus on enlargement, security, and strategic presence. This includes deeper support for candidate countries, enhanced regional resilience against hybrid and military threats for long-term regional stability, and sustained engagement in less open states through dialogue and cooperation. A renewed EaP must reflect political realities and offer credible conditionality to ensure alignment with EU objectives.

Issue No. 177 | 29 April 2025 | Emre Gür

How the Loss of Multilateralism Affects Civil Society: A Case From Türkiye

This policy paper discusses the challenges facing multilateralism and its effects on civil society, particularly in the context of foreign aid. It argues that the shift towards inward-looking policies, exemplified by the Trump administration decisions, has significant implications for the foreign sector. The paper further explores how this changing landscape affects civil society organisations, using Türkiye as a case study, and emphasises the need for diversifying funding sources and adapting to the evolving global order.

Issue No. 176 | 24 April 2025 | Megghi Pengili

Deciding the EU’s Strategic Readiness: Public-Private Partnerships and Organisational Learning in Defence

The EU White Paper calls for Member States to enhance strategic readiness through collective defence and public-private partnerships (PPPs), which improve the defence ecosystem and foster organisational learning. Reports by Niinistö and Draghi (2024) highlight the need for further understanding of PPPs’ impact on defence preparedness.This analysis explores the rise of PPPs as a knowledge hub in the EU defence context and their role in driving transformation towards enhanced readiness.

Issue No. 175 | 15 April 2025 | Matthias Waechter

European Security and Defence in Times of Transatlantic Estrangement: An Opportunity for Forging a European Identity?

Donald Trump's presidency bears many risks for the European Union, but also offers opportunities. Now is the chance for the EU to finally make decisive progress towards creating a European identity. European security and defence can be the levers to create a real “we-feeling” among EU citizens.

Issue No. 174 | 4 April 2025 | Florent Marciacq

Pragmatic, Gradual, Geopolitical... What’s Left of the Ambitions of the European Union’s Enlargement?

Once regarded as a key foreign policy instrument of the European Union (EU), the enlargement process is increasingly hampered by geopolitical tensions, internal divisions and longstanding malfunctions. The new impetus that followed the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in 2022 has eroded. Gradual integration is now being presented as a pragmatic solution to maintain the momentum of enlargement, yet it risks weakening the European project by prioritising open-end economic logics over democratic aspirations, political unification and progressive alliances. Confronted with challenges posed by regional autocrats, as well as Russia, China, and even the Trump administration, the Union must clarify its ambitions and assert a coherent political vision if it wishes to remain a credible and influential actor.

Issue No. 173 | 14 February 2025 | Jean Buffiere

European Hydrogen and Industrial Policy: A Great Reset in 2025?

Is Europe's hydrogen strategy facing a pivotal moment? Despite ambitious policies, rising costs and regulatory hurdles have stalled industrial deployment. This policy paper examines whether 2025 will bring a strategic reset - or a recalibration of Europe’s green hydrogen ambitions.

Issue No. 172 | 14 January 2025 | Christian Manahl

The UN Pact for the Future: Last Call to Save Multilateralism

Last September, UN member states adopted a Pact which acknowledges our responsibility for the present and future as the world faces existential threats. Controversies during the process of adoption reflect a fractured international system and foreshadow a difficult implementation. This is compounded by populist trends on both sides of the North Atlantic. However, a cynical surrender to narrow-minded power politics will not resolve the tremendous socio-economic, environmental and security challenges ahead of us, but will only serve to exacerbate them. Future generations will judge today’s political leaders – and today’s electorate in the big democracies – by the choices they make and by their resolve to implement the Pact that they have signed up to.

Issue No. 171 | 9 December 2024 | Laurent Baechler

Le mécanisme d’ajustement carbone aux frontières : une étape clé dans la politique climatique européenne

The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism currently being tested by the EU is the first climate policy instrument of its kind in operation anywhere in the world. Its implementation will be a litmus test for the international community's ability to overcome the economic, legal and political obstacles to more effective climate cooperation.

Issue No. 170 | 28 November 2024 | Johanna Koch

On Disinformation: Why the EU Has Failed to Prevent the Rise of Euroscepticism in the 2024 European Parliament Elections and What Needs to Be Done Now

Since the post-Maastricht era, the European Union has experienced a consistent rise in Euroscepticism within the European Parliament. The 2024 European Parliament elections marked another peak in the number of Eurosceptic parties, whose campaigns were fueled by anti-EU disinformation narratives. This highlights the EU's ongoing challenges in effectively countering Eurosceptic disinformation. Therefore, this paper evaluates the EU's measures against disinformation, examines their limitations, and proposes seven key recommendations to address not only the gaps in the EU's current strategy against disinformation but also the growing rise of Euroscepticism within the Union, considering both phenomena as interconnected issues.

Issue No. 169 | 12 November 2024 | Ryszard Piasecki

Full Democracy in Poland Has Not Been Yet Restored

Poland's political landscape has undergone significant change since the 2023 election, with the ousting of the populist PiS government and the rise of a pro-European coalition led by Donald Tusk. Despite this victory, Poland's democracy remains under threat due to obstacles created by the outgoing PiS government, including a politicised judiciary and obstructive presidential vetoes. While the new government has made strides to restore the rule of law, challenges persist, particularly from the Catholic Church and conservative factions. The EU has unblocked recovery funds, but full democratic restoration in Poland will depend on future elections and institutional reforms. This situation serves as a cautionary tale for the EU regarding the risks posed by populism in member states.

Issue No. 168 | 15 October 2024 | Daan van Pinxteren

The EU AI Act: The Impact on the Public Sector

The EU Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act, effective from August 2024, is the world’s first comprehensive AI regulation, significantly impacting AI used in the public sector. It introduces a risk-based framework, categorising AI systems from minimal to high risk, with stringent compliance requirements for the latter. Public authorities face challenges in balancing the benefits of AI with the expected costs of compliance, particularly with regards to harnessing the risk framework and exceptions to the rules, fostering trustworthy AI and citizen trust and navigating expected enforcement. This in turn may ultimately require a reinvention of public AI strategies to strike an optimal balance between benefits and costs.

Issue No. 167 | 24 September 2024 | Kyriakos Revelas

EU Defence Policy: From Crisis Management to Common Defence?

The end of the post-cold war European security architecture following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, coupled with doubts about the US commitment to NATO obligations, made territorial defence again a central preoccupation. This prompts the question of the EU security and defence policy shifting from crisis management to deterrence and defence. This paper examines whether such change is institutionally possible and explores the political conditions for common defence and the defence industry role.

Issue No. 166 | 17 September 2024 | Rachel Guyet

Energy Poverty in Europe: Local Authorities as a Game Changer?

Energy poverty is a widespread phenomenon in Europe. If the EU and the member states have been strongly involved to mitigate the social consequences of the energy price crisis in the winter 2022-2023, local authorities are an essential resource for households exposed to energy poverty. However they are facing obstacles to making their action more effective. Despite the difficulties (some of them are examined in this paper), they are able to mobilise formal and informal networks to develop experimentations.

Issue No. 165 | 10 September 2024 | Joren Schepers

The Social Climate Fund as a Catalyst for the French Energy Poverty Strategy

In 2023, the Social Climate Fund (SCF) was approved alongside the expansion of the Emission Trading System to the building and transport sector. The fund redistributes a part of the revenue made by this expansion with the aim of preventing the most vulnerable people from being exposed to transport and energy poverty as a result of the pricing policy. The SCF regulation sets out ambitious objectives, allocating a total budget of €86.7 billion from 2026 to 2032. By analysing France's existing policy on energy poverty and the alignment with the targets of the SCF, this research gives an insight into the fund's capacity and whether it can live up to the expectations.

Issue No. 164 | 3 September 2024 | Michel-Henry Bouchet and Alexandre Landi

Towards a Global Governance Barometer

Although the concept of good governance has become the obligatory reference in academic round tables and meetings of international bodies or rating agencies, there is no consensus on its definition, content or measurement. Everyone defines governance according to their needs. Overall, country risk analysts, policymakers and field practitioners have no shortage of governance indicators, sometimes with a great deal of opacity and where digital sophistication gives the illusion of scientific content. We define governance as the robustness of institutions which help transforms economic growth into sustained and inclusive development. Clearly, fighting corruption is a crucial ingredient of governance, together with accountability, transparency and regulatory quality. To measure the level of governance in one hundred developing countries, a new composite indicator has been built, based on specific sub-indices of institutional quality, government efficiency and corruption. Its added value stems from an “expert assessment” that is based on seasoned country risk analysts, including professors and trained alumni from CIFE’s and Luiss’s Joint Master in Global Economic Governance and Policy Affairs. We hope this new “country governance gamut” will help draw the attention of policymakers and risk analysts to the quality of socio-economic management in too many rich countries with poor people.

Issue No. 163 | 2 July 2024 | Christian Manahl

A New Era or a Storm in a Tea Pot? South Africa After the ANC Lost Its Parliamentary Majority

For the first time since the end of Apartheid, the African National Congress has lost the parliamentary majority and the country is entering a new era of coalition politics. Socio-economic constraints and the need to balance diverging interests between coalition partners will give the new executive limited leeway. In addition, it will have to juggle competing priorities of economic reform and fiscal consolidation on the one hand, and tackling unemployment and deep social inequalities on the other. The challenges are daunting, but South Africa’s fundamentals are solid, it is the continent’s biggest economy and it has strong democratic institutions. As long as the new coalition sticks together and focuses on the interests of the country, it requires and deserves the support of international partners for its efforts to lead South Africa onto a more promising socio-economic trajectory.

Issue No. 162 | 21 May 2024 | Arnisa Tepelija

Past Legacies and Future Projections: The Implementation of the Rule of Law in EU Enlargement Policy

This paper explores the resurgence of the European Union enlargement policy amidst the geopolitical imperatives posed by Russia’s war on Ukraine through the lens of the rule of law. Central to the enlargement policy is the implementation of the rule of law, a core EU principle enshrined in its constitutional framework. Drawing from lessons learnt from previous enlargements, such as underscoring the necessity of robust rule of law criteria and the consistent use of pre-accession conditionality, this paper makes some future projections on what the immediate imperative is for the EU in the promotion of the rule of law and its implementation in candidate countries.

Issue No. 161 | 22 April 2024 | Ana Catarina Simões

Nuclear Power - The Comeback of Nuclear Energy in the Global Energy Landscape

The journey towards recognising the pivotal role of nuclear energy in the global energy landscape has been marked by several key milestones since 2022. Notably, nuclear energy was included in both the RepowerEU plan and the COP 28 agreement. Subsequently, an inaugural Nuclear Energy Summit was convened. These developments underscore a collective shift in perspective, acknowledging nuclear power as an indispensable component of the energy transition. The Nuclear Energy Summit, a first-of-its-kind event held on 21 March 2024, further solidified this stance, bringing together governments, institutions, and stakeholders to deliberate on nuclear energy's potential.

N°160

Ukraine on the Way to EU Membership - The Famous 'Long, Rocky Road', Susann Heinecke-Kuhn

Abstract: After Ukraine applied for EU membership in March 2022 and was granted candidate status in December 2023, the negotiations over its EU accession are supposed to start in the course of this year. Despite the speedy first steps, Ukraine will have to undergo the same procedure of accession negotiations as any other EU candidate country. This paper looks into the particular challenges and risks of Ukraine’s EU accession and gives an outlook on the tasks lying ahead for both the EU and Ukraine.

N°159

La question catalane, Frédéric Lépine - in French

Abstract: Since the end of the 19^th century, Catalonia has always resisted attempts at political and administrative centralisation in Spain. This policy paper note aims to present the historical context of this resistance, while describing in more detail the events that led to the Catalan independence process and its failure in 2017. It sheds light on the current situation, where a legislative agreement between the Spanish government and the Catalan parties could lead to a legal and political redefinition of Catalonia's autonomy.

N°158

Le défi du vieillissement démographique, Jean-Claude-Vérez - in French

Abstract: The world will undergo demographic (r)evolution between now and 2100 and, contrary to the Malthusian analysis, the challenge will be to cope not with demographic growth but with demographic ageing. This is already the case in some major countries, and we need to look at how this development will upset a number of macroeconomic and microeconomic balances.

N°157

The EU AI Act: State of Play and the Potential for Regulatory Globalisation, Aysenur Alma

Abstract: In her Policy Paper, Aysenur Alma gives an overview of the state of play of the upcoming EU AI Act within the legislative process. Since the Commission's proposal in April 2021, the proposal has undergone the ordinary legislative procedure. Last month, a provisional agreement was achieved in the trilogue negoations of the Parliament and the Council. Moreover, the final text has been sent to the member states. Thus, a final adoption is soon to be accomplished. The regulation is not only awaited within Europe but is also expected to have extra-territorial reach.

N°156

The EU Electricity Market Reform and the Protection of Consumers: A Move Towards a More Ambitious Approach?, Rachel Guyet

Abstract: The energy price crisis in the winter 2022-2023 acted as a wake-up call for the European institutions to reform the electricity market in order to stabilise the prices and shield consumers from price volatility. The provisional reform agreement concluded by the Council and the Parliament in December 2023 improves the protection of final consumers, including the vulnerable consumers and households exposed to energy poverty. This is a step in the right direction but more needs to be done to address inequalities in the access to affordable energy services for all.

N°186

Perspectives for EU-China Relations, George N. Tzogopoulos

Résumé : This essay sets out to analyse Sino-European relations. As it stands, the situation currently mirrors the upward trend witnessed after China’s re-opening after the Covid-19 lockdowns. Relations are therefore relatively stable, and certainly better in comparison to the problematic early-2020 to 2023 period. Although the war in Ukraine and economic disputes tend to dominate the agenda in discussions, the fact that the two sides need each other makes co-operation necessary/a necessity in a globalised world. The second Trump presidency may not contribute to the automatic improvement in Sino-European relations but it does put pressure on the EU to seriously think about its strategic autonomy concept. Intensified dialogue with China – despite differences – has become a sine qua non parameter in securing a mutually beneficial way forward.

N°185

Le casse-tête de la dette publique dans les pays riches, Laurent Baechler

Résumé : La dette publique des pays avancés atteint environ 110 % du PIB, proche de records historiques, posant un problème économique, social et politique. Elle augmente sous l’effet combiné de déficits persistants, du relèvement des taux d’intérêt et du ralentissement structurel de la croissance. Côté dépenses comme recettes, des éléments structurels rendront difficile le redressement de la situation à terme, créant un risque d’instabilité financière, et rendant attractifs les modes de gestion habituels de la dette publique, l’inflation ou la restructuration.

N°184

EU-Western Balkans Relations in Transition: Historical Legacies, Geopolitical Shifts and Future Outlooks, Labinot Greiçevci

Résumé : This policy paper scrutinises the relationship between the EU and the Western Balkans through historical developments, geopolitical changes, and future perspectives. In doing so, the following issues are addressed: (i) the breakup of Yugoslavia and the involvement of the EU and other international actors in this process; (ii) the growing geopolitical rivalry in the Western Balkans and the extent of existing interaction between the EU and the Western Balkan states; and (iii) the potential future prospects of the EU’s relations with the Western Balkans region. Ultimately, the light is shed on the current state and prospects of the EU-Western Balkans relationship, and on whether the EU can uphold its pivotal role in the region amid shifting regional and global geopolitical circumstances.

N°183

Trade, Power and Strategic Adjustment The Shifting Landscape of China-EU Economic Relations, Junjie Ma

Résumé : This paper argues that China–EU economic relations have entered a phase of structural confrontation driven by deep institutional differences, China’s surplus-driven industrial expansion, and Europe’s turn toward defensive regulatory autonomy. Once anchored in trade complementarity and stabilising interdependence, the relationship has shifted toward managed competition as disputes over electric vehicles, steel, solar products, and agri-food items evolve into systemic clashes. Europe’s new regulatory arsenal—ranging from the Foreign Subsidies Regulation to the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism—reflects a long-term shift from market openness to strategic protection. China, facing slowing growth and domestic constraints, increasingly relies on state-led industrial policy and export-oriented overcapacity, heightening European perceptions of “structural dumping.” The United States’ intensifying rivalry with China further narrows Europe’s strategic space, pushing EU policy closer to Washington’s approach. The paper concludes that while tactical compromises may occur, structural friction will persist, and China–EU relations will remain defined by calibrated confrontation within a broader geopolitical realignment.

N°182

Super Chips and Supply Chains: Why Europe's Chips Act Can't Fix Chokpoint Weaponisation, Samuel Kerschbaumer

Résumé : This paper assesses the EU's Chips Act amidst the escalating geoeconomic weaponisation of semiconductor supply chains by the US and China. Structural vulnerabilities, including US export controls, reliance on Chinese-controlled rare earths and fragmented national implementation, are shown to prevent the Act from achieving its goal of strategic resilience. Despite Europe's strength in upstream equipment, its lack of coordinated policy and advanced fabrication capacity leaves it exposed to coercion. The forthcoming Chips Act 2.0 must centrally align financing and industrial strategy, moving beyond symbolic targets to secure Europe's technological base.

N°181

La bataille de l’intelligence artificielle entre quelques puissances, Jean-Claude Vérez

Résumé : L'intelligence artificielle s'est imposée rapidement à tous les acteurs économiques, qu'il s'agisse des États, des entreprises, des ménages. Quelques puissances sont déjà à la pointe de l'IA, notamment dans des secteurs clés comme les transports, la santé ou la science. L’impact sur l'emploi et la relation au travail sont une source d'interrogations.

N°180

A Just Energy Transition: Not Only For the People, but With the People, Rachel Guyet

Résumé : Social justice should not be an afterthought in the transition, it must be the foundation that makes it socially and politically acceptable. The paper makes the hypothesis that a successful, just transition requires moving from a vision where security, competitiveness and social justice are opposed. Alternative models to the dominant energy system exist to stimulate the participation of the people in the energy transition. Four of them are deleved into in this paper.

N°179

The End of Swing Politics: Belarus in the Russian Trap, Susann Heinecke-Kuhn

Résumé : Ces dernières années, la Biélorussie a surtout attiré l'attention en tant que complice militaire de la Russie dans la guerre en Ukraine et en tant que provocateur de la politique européenne en matière d'asile et d'immigration. À cela s'ajoute la situation désastreuse des droits de l'homme dans le pays, dirigé d'une main de fer par le président de longue date Alexandre Loukachenko. Toutefois, la libération d'un nombre important de prisonniers politiques au cours de l'année écoulée soulève la question de savoir s'il existe une chance d'ouverture politique du pays vers l'Europe. La note de recherche décrit la manière dont la Biélorussie a manœuvré pour devenir totalement dépendant de la Russie au cours des dernières années, en particulier depuis 2020. Tout en devant attendre de meilleures conditions pour un nouveau rapprochement biélorusse-européen à l'avenir, l'Union européenne ne devrait ni abandonner le pays ni se cacher derrière un débat sur les valeurs, mais plutôt garder un œil attentif sur la situation et être disponible au cas où une fenêtre d'opportunité s'ouvre.

N°178

Reimagining the Eastern Partnership: Enlargement, Security and Security Engagement, Tamar Gamkrelidze

Résumé : Seize ans après son lancement, le Partenariat oriental (EaP) connaît une fragmentation croissante, les pays membres de l'Union européenne (UE) suivant des voies de plus en plus divergentes en matière de politique intérieure/étrangère. Cette divergence soulève des questions quant à la pertinence du Partenariat oriental, en particulier dans son format actuel, à l'approche de sa date d'expiration en 2027. Pour rester efficace, l'UE doit réimaginer le partenariat oriental en mettant davantage l'accent sur l'élargissement, la sécurité et la présence stratégique. Il s'agit notamment de renforcer le soutien aux pays candidats, d'améliorer la résilience régionale contre les menaces hybrides et militaires pour une stabilité régionale à long terme, et de s'engager durablement dans les États moins ouverts par le biais du dialogue et de la coopération. Un partenariat oriental renouvelé doit refléter les réalités politiques et offrir une conditionnalité crédible pour garantir l'alignement sur les objectifs de l'UE.

N°177

How the Loss of Multilateralism Affects Civil Society: A Case From Türkiye, Emre Gür

Résumé : This policy paper discusses the challenges facing multilateralism and its effects on civil society, particularly in the context of foreign aid. It argues that the shift towards inward-looking policies, exemplified by the Trump administration decisions, has significant implications for the foreign sector. The paper further explores how this changing landscape affects civil society organisations, using Türkiye as a case study, and emphasises the need for diversifying funding sources and adapting to the evolving global order.

N°176

Deciding the EU’s Strategic Readiness: Public-Private Partnerships and Organisational Learning in Defence, Megghi Pengili

Résumé : The EU White Paper calls for Member States to enhance strategic readiness through collective defence and public-private partnerships (PPPs), which improve the defence ecosystem and foster organisational learning. Reports by Niinistö and Draghi (2024) highlight the need for further understanding of PPPs’ impact on defence preparedness.This analysis explores the rise of PPPs as a knowledge hub in the EU defence context and their role in driving transformation towards enhanced readiness.

N°175

European Security and Defence in Times of Transatlantic Estrangement: An Opportunity for Forging a European Identity?, Matthias Waechter

Résumé : Donald Trump's presidency bears many risks for the European Union, but also offers opportunities. Now is the chance for the EU to finally make decisive progress towards creating a European identity. European security and defence can be the levers to create a real “we-feeling” among EU citizens.

N°174

Pragmatic, Gradual, Geopolitical... What’s Left of the Ambitions of the European Union’s Enlargement?, Florent Marciacq

Résumé : Once regarded as a key foreign policy instrument of the European Union (EU), the enlargement process is increasingly hampered by geopolitical tensions, internal divisions and longstanding malfunctions. The new impetus that followed the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in 2022 has eroded. Gradual integration is now being presented as a pragmatic solution to maintain the momentum of enlargement, yet it risks weakening the European project by prioritising open-end economic logics over democratic aspirations, political unification and progressive alliances. Confronted with challenges posed by regional autocrats, as well as Russia, China, and even the Trump administration, the Union must clarify its ambitions and assert a coherent political vision if it wishes to remain a credible and influential actor.

N°173

European Hydrogen and Industrial Policy: A Great Reset in 2025?, Jean Buffiere

Résumé : Un tournant en 2025 dans la stratégie Européenne de l’hydrogène ? Malgré des politiques ambitieuses, la hausse des coûts et les obstacles réglementaires freinent le déploiement industriel. Cette note analyse si cette année marquera un nouveau départ stratégique ou un ajustement des ambitions européennes en matière d’hydrogène vert.

N°172

The UN Pact for the Future: Last Call to Save Multilateralism, Christian Manahl

Résumé : En septembre dernier, les États membres des Nations unies ont adopté un pacte qui reconnaît notre responsabilité pour le présent et l'avenir alors que le monde est confronté à des menaces existentielles. Les controverses qui ont marqué le processus d'adoption sont le reflet d'un système international fracturé et laissent présager une mise en œuvre difficile. À cela s'ajoutent les tendances populistes des deux côtés de l'Atlantique Nord. Cependant, une capitulation cynique face à des politiques de puissance étroites ne résoudra pas les énormes défis socio-économiques, environnementaux et sécuritaires qui nous attendent, mais ne fera que les exacerber. Les générations futures jugeront les dirigeants politiques d'aujourd'hui - et l'électorat d'aujourd'hui dans les grandes démocraties - sur les choix qu'ils feront et sur leur détermination à mettre en œuvre le pacte qu'ils ont signé.